Unit 4 - DNA Structure, DNA Replication, & Protein Synthesis ( Transcription, Translation)
Chapter 8 - Holt McDougal
Spi's:
4.1 Identify Structure and Function of DNA - Holt-McDougal Chapter 8.2 (Chapter 8 Section 2)
4.2 Associate the process of DNA replication with its biological significance. - Holt-McDougal Chapter 8.3 (Chapter 8 Section 3)
4.3 Recognize the interactions between DNA and RNA during protein synthesis - Holt-McDougal Chapter 8.4 & 8.5 (chapter 8 Section 4 & Chapter 8 Section 5)
4.8 Determine the relationship between mutations and human genetic disorders. - Holt-McDougal Chapter 8.7 (Chapter 8 Section 7)
Vocabulary:
nucleotide double helix base pairing rules
replication DNA polymerase Central dogma
RNA trancription RNA polymerase
messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA
translation codon stopcodon
start codon anticodon mutation
point mutation frameshift mutation mutagen
4.1 Identify Structure and Function of DNA - Holt-McDougal Chapter 8.2 (Chapter 8 Section 2)
4.2 Associate the process of DNA replication with its biological significance. - Holt-McDougal Chapter 8.3 (Chapter 8 Section 3)
4.3 Recognize the interactions between DNA and RNA during protein synthesis - Holt-McDougal Chapter 8.4 & 8.5 (chapter 8 Section 4 & Chapter 8 Section 5)
4.8 Determine the relationship between mutations and human genetic disorders. - Holt-McDougal Chapter 8.7 (Chapter 8 Section 7)
Vocabulary:
nucleotide double helix base pairing rules
replication DNA polymerase Central dogma
RNA trancription RNA polymerase
messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA
translation codon stopcodon
start codon anticodon mutation
point mutation frameshift mutation mutagen
Study chapter 8 vocabulary here!
TAKE THE PRE-TEST!!!
Objectives to show mastery of Standards:
1. Describe the interaction of the four nucleotides that make up DNA
2. Describe the three-dimensional structure of DNA
3. Summarize the process of DNA replication
4. Describe the role of enzymes in DNA replication
5. Describe the relationship between DNA and RNA.
6. Identify the three kinds of RNA and their functions.
7. Compare transcription to replication.
8. Describe how mRNA codons are translated into amino acids.
9. Summarize the process of protein synthesis.
10. Distinguish between different types of mutations
11. Explain why mutations may or may not affect phenotype.
12. List some factors that cause mutations.
CHAPTER 8.2 Structure of DNA
DNA structure is the same in all organisms. DNA is a polymer made up of four types of nucleotides. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA consists of two strands of nucleotides bonded together into a double helix structure. Nucleotides always pair in the same way - C with G, and A with T.
8.2 Guided Reading
1. Is DNA a monomer or polymer?
2. What is the monomer of DNA?
3. What are the 4 nucleotides?
4. What are the 3 parts that make up every nucleotide?
5. Which parts do they all share that are alike?
6. Which parts are different in each of the 4 nucleotides?
7. What are the 4 bases?
8. What is special about Cytosine and Thymine?
9. What is special about Adenine and Guanine?
10. What is a "double-helix"?
11. What are the base pairing rules?
12. What is Chargraff's Rule?
Look at the picture at the top of page 233 answer the following questions.
1. How many rings are there in each base pair?
2. Why is DNA's shape called a double helix?
3. How are the two diagrams related to each other?
4. What is different about the bonds that hold the A & T together and the bonds that hold the C & G together?
4. Which base pairs do you think are held more tightly together?
8.2 Questions to answer:
1. How many types of nucleotides are in DNA? How are they alike? How are they different?
2. Which part of the DNA molecule carries the genetic instructions that are unique for each individual: the sugar-phosphate backbone or the nitrogen-containing bases? (Defend your answer). (INFER & DEFEND)
3. In a sample of yeast DNA, 31.5% of the bases are adenine (A). Predict the approximate percentages of C, G, and T. Explain how you came to your answer. (PREDICT/DEFEND)
What sequence of bases would pair with the following sequences:
1. TGA CTA GCT CAT AGC
2. CGA TAC TCG CTA AGT
TAKE THE QUIZ FOR 8.2! <-- CLICK HERE!!!
1. Describe the interaction of the four nucleotides that make up DNA
2. Describe the three-dimensional structure of DNA
3. Summarize the process of DNA replication
4. Describe the role of enzymes in DNA replication
5. Describe the relationship between DNA and RNA.
6. Identify the three kinds of RNA and their functions.
7. Compare transcription to replication.
8. Describe how mRNA codons are translated into amino acids.
9. Summarize the process of protein synthesis.
10. Distinguish between different types of mutations
11. Explain why mutations may or may not affect phenotype.
12. List some factors that cause mutations.
CHAPTER 8.2 Structure of DNA
DNA structure is the same in all organisms. DNA is a polymer made up of four types of nucleotides. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA consists of two strands of nucleotides bonded together into a double helix structure. Nucleotides always pair in the same way - C with G, and A with T.
8.2 Guided Reading
1. Is DNA a monomer or polymer?
2. What is the monomer of DNA?
3. What are the 4 nucleotides?
4. What are the 3 parts that make up every nucleotide?
5. Which parts do they all share that are alike?
6. Which parts are different in each of the 4 nucleotides?
7. What are the 4 bases?
8. What is special about Cytosine and Thymine?
9. What is special about Adenine and Guanine?
10. What is a "double-helix"?
11. What are the base pairing rules?
12. What is Chargraff's Rule?
Look at the picture at the top of page 233 answer the following questions.
1. How many rings are there in each base pair?
2. Why is DNA's shape called a double helix?
3. How are the two diagrams related to each other?
4. What is different about the bonds that hold the A & T together and the bonds that hold the C & G together?
4. Which base pairs do you think are held more tightly together?
8.2 Questions to answer:
1. How many types of nucleotides are in DNA? How are they alike? How are they different?
2. Which part of the DNA molecule carries the genetic instructions that are unique for each individual: the sugar-phosphate backbone or the nitrogen-containing bases? (Defend your answer). (INFER & DEFEND)
3. In a sample of yeast DNA, 31.5% of the bases are adenine (A). Predict the approximate percentages of C, G, and T. Explain how you came to your answer. (PREDICT/DEFEND)
What sequence of bases would pair with the following sequences:
1. TGA CTA GCT CAT AGC
2. CGA TAC TCG CTA AGT
TAKE THE QUIZ FOR 8.2! <-- CLICK HERE!!!
Chapter 8.3 DNA Replication
DNA replication copies the genetic information of a cell. During replication, a DNA molecule separates into two strands. Each strand serves a a template for building a new complementary strand through a rapid, accurate process involving DNA polymerase and other enzymes.
8.3 Guided Reading
1. What does replication copy?
2. Watson and Crick realized what about the DNA strand?
3. What is the process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle?
4. How can we relate a pair of shoes to the template and copy of DNA?
5. How many chromosomes of DNA are there in each cell?
6. What is special about the DNA in each cell in your body that would be helpful to a forensic scientist?
7. Which monomer carries out the process of replication?
8. What does a DNA polymerase do?
9. What is the result of DNA replication?
10. How is replication so fast?
11. How is replication so accurate?
12. What does "Semi-conservative" mean?
Look at the picture on page 237 answer the following questions.
1. In step 1, how does the DNA unzip?
2. In step 2, how do the new strands compare with the template strands?
3. What enzyme is important in step 2?
4. What is the result of DNA replication?
5. Why is it important for the cell to correct any errors that occur during replication?
8.3 Questions to answer:
1. Explain how DNA serves as its own template during replication.
2. How do cells help ensure that DNA replication is accurate?
3. Describe two major functions of DNA polymerases. (SUMMARIZE)
4. Why is it important that human chromosomes have many origins of replication? (INFER)
Here is a single strand of DNA, open the strand and copy the DNA into two new strands:
TGA CTA GCT CAT AGC
ACT GAT CGA GTA TCG
TAKE THE QUIZ FOR 8.3! <-- CLICK HERE!!!
8.3 Guided Reading
1. What does replication copy?
2. Watson and Crick realized what about the DNA strand?
3. What is the process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle?
4. How can we relate a pair of shoes to the template and copy of DNA?
5. How many chromosomes of DNA are there in each cell?
6. What is special about the DNA in each cell in your body that would be helpful to a forensic scientist?
7. Which monomer carries out the process of replication?
8. What does a DNA polymerase do?
9. What is the result of DNA replication?
10. How is replication so fast?
11. How is replication so accurate?
12. What does "Semi-conservative" mean?
Look at the picture on page 237 answer the following questions.
1. In step 1, how does the DNA unzip?
2. In step 2, how do the new strands compare with the template strands?
3. What enzyme is important in step 2?
4. What is the result of DNA replication?
5. Why is it important for the cell to correct any errors that occur during replication?
8.3 Questions to answer:
1. Explain how DNA serves as its own template during replication.
2. How do cells help ensure that DNA replication is accurate?
3. Describe two major functions of DNA polymerases. (SUMMARIZE)
4. Why is it important that human chromosomes have many origins of replication? (INFER)
Here is a single strand of DNA, open the strand and copy the DNA into two new strands:
TGA CTA GCT CAT AGC
ACT GAT CGA GTA TCG
TAKE THE QUIZ FOR 8.3! <-- CLICK HERE!!!
Chapter 8.4 Transcription
Transcription converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule. The transcription process is similar to DNA replication and makes three types of RNA. Messener RNA is an intermediate molecule that carries DNA's instructions to be translated.
8.4 Guided Reading
Look at the picture on page 241 answer the following questions.
8.4 Questions to answer:
Here is a single strand of DNA, create the complementary RNA strand: (remember the rules!!)
TGA CTA GCT CAT AGC
TAKE THE QUIZ FOR 8.4! <-- CLICK HERE!!!
- What is the central dogma and which way does the information flow?
- Copy the three bullets into your notes.
- Where do replication and transcription occur in eukaryotic cells?
- what kind of chain is an RNA and what 3 things are they made of?
- In what 3 ways does RNA differ from DNA?
- What is an RNA polymerase?
- Describe the 3 steps of Transcription.
- What does transfer RNA do?
- What are the similarities between transcription and replication?
- How are the end results of transcription and replication different?
- Once RNA polymerase has transcribed one portion of a gene and has moved on what can another RNA polymerase do?
- How does this speed up the process of making RNA?
Look at the picture on page 241 answer the following questions.
- Why must DNA strands unwind and separate before transcription can take place?
- In step 2, how does the base sequence of the RNA transcript being formed compare with the sequence on the template strand?
- What happens to the double-stranded DNA as the RNA polymerse moves to the right, following the arrow?
- What happens to the RNA transcrip after it separates from the DNA in step 3?
- Compare the nucleotide sequence of the RNA transcript with the nucleotide sequence of the non-template strand of DNA. (especially where T is concerned)
8.4 Questions to answer:
- Why can the mRNA stand made during transcription be thought of as a mirror image of the DNA strand from which it was made?
- why might a cell make lots of RNA but only one copy of DNA?
- If a DNA segment has the nucleotides AGCCTAA, what would be the nucleotide sequence of the complementary RNA strand? (APPLY)
Here is a single strand of DNA, create the complementary RNA strand: (remember the rules!!)
TGA CTA GCT CAT AGC
TAKE THE QUIZ FOR 8.4! <-- CLICK HERE!!!
8.5 TRANSLATION
Translation converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide, or protein. This process occurs on ribosomes, which are made of rRNA and proteins. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the growing protein by selectively pairing with mRNA codons.
8.5 Guided Reading
Look at the picture on page 244 answer the following questions.
DID YOU KNOW?
There are an infinite number of amino acids however, only 20 are commonly found in proteins!
8.5 Questions to answer:
Here is a single strand of mRNA
1. Create the complementary tRNA strand
2. Use the correct strand to write the sequence of amino acids. (Which strand do you use??)
mRNA: UGA CUA GCU CAU AGC
TAKE THE QUIZ FOR 8.5! <-- CLICK HERE!!!
8.5 Guided Reading
- Is protein a monomer or polymer?
- What is another name for a protein? (has to do with the name of the bonds between amino acids)
- What is the monomer of a protein?
- What does translation do?
- One or more polypeptides makes up a ________ ?
- What is the "language" of nucleic acids?
- How is the language of DNA different from the language of RNA?
- What is the language of a protein?
- What is a "triplet" code?
- what is a codon?
- How many codons does each amino acid have?
- Which amino acid(s) code for "start"?
- Which amino acid(s) code for "stop"?
- What is a reading frame?
- What might happen if the reading frame is changed?
- What happens if a stop codon shows up early in the translation process?
- What does the genetic codon UUU code for?
- What is special about most codons from organism to organism?
- What does this commonality in codons suggest?
- What is the anticodon on an amino acid AND what is it used for?
- Draw AND label the tRNA from page 245 into your notes.
Look at the picture on page 244 answer the following questions.
- What amino acid is coded by GGA?
- What happens when a ribosome reads the codon AUG?
DID YOU KNOW?
There are an infinite number of amino acids however, only 20 are commonly found in proteins!
8.5 Questions to answer:
- Explain the connection between a codon and an amino acid.
- Briefly describe how the process of translation is started.
- Suppose a tRNA molecule had the anticodon AGU. What amino acid would it carry? (SYNTHESIZE)
- The DNA of eukaryotic cells has many copies of genes that code for rRNA molecules. Suggest a hypothesis to explain why a cell needs so many copies of these genes. (HYPOTHESIZE)
Here is a single strand of mRNA
1. Create the complementary tRNA strand
2. Use the correct strand to write the sequence of amino acids. (Which strand do you use??)
mRNA: UGA CUA GCU CAU AGC
TAKE THE QUIZ FOR 8.5! <-- CLICK HERE!!!
8.7 MUTATIONS
Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect pheotype. Some affect a single gene and others affect an entire chromosome. Mutations occur naturally, or they may be caused by a mutagen. A mutation that does not affect phenotype is called silent. Mutations in sperm or egg cells can be passed to offspring.
8.7 Guided Reading
Look at the picture on page 253 answer the following questions.
8.7 Questions to answer:
Here is a single strand of DNA and a mutated strand of DNA.
DNA: TAC TGA CTA CTT CAT AGC ACT
mutated DNA: TAC TGA CTT ACT TCA TAG CAC
1. Write the mRNA for EACH STRAND.
2. Write the amino acid sequence for EACH STRAND (remember to start at the start codon and stop at the stop codon)
3. What type of mutation is present?
4. What does this mutation do to the chain of amino acids?
5. Would this mutation be better or worse than a point mutation?
TAKE THE QUIZ FOR 8.7! <-- CLICK HERE!!!
- What is the difference between a single gene and a chromosome? (use back of book)
- what is a mutation?
- When do mutations that affect a single gene happen?
- When do mutations that affect a group of genes or an entire chromosome happen?
- What is a point mutation?
- What is a frameshift mutation?
- what is a phenotype? (use back of book)
- Do mutations always affect phenotype?
- How can mutations affect phenotype?
- How can mutations affect offspring?
- How are mutations and aging related?
- What is a mutagen?
- What are some examples of mutagens?
Look at the picture on page 253 answer the following questions.
- Would a frameshift mutation have a greater effect if it occurred near the promoter or near the end of the gene? WHY?
- Does a point mutation always change the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide?
- Explain which mutation you think would have the greatest effect.
8.7 Questions to answer:
- Explain why frameshift mutations have a greater effect than point mutations do.
- If GUA is changed to GUU, will the resulting protein be affected?
- How can mutagens cause genetic mutations in spite of your body's DNA repair enzymes.
- How could a mutated gene produce a shorter protein than that produced by a normal gene? (INFER)
Here is a single strand of DNA and a mutated strand of DNA.
DNA: TAC TGA CTA CTT CAT AGC ACT
mutated DNA: TAC TGA CTT ACT TCA TAG CAC
1. Write the mRNA for EACH STRAND.
2. Write the amino acid sequence for EACH STRAND (remember to start at the start codon and stop at the stop codon)
3. What type of mutation is present?
4. What does this mutation do to the chain of amino acids?
5. Would this mutation be better or worse than a point mutation?
TAKE THE QUIZ FOR 8.7! <-- CLICK HERE!!!
Below are the handouts/worksheets/study guides/Cloze reads etc. currently used for this Unit. Not all handouts will always be used.
dna_2.jpg | |
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dna_replication_ws_-_2.pdf | |
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dna_replication_ws.pdf | |
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dna.jpg | |
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dna_crossword.gif | |
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transcription_translation_worksheet.png | |
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transcription_and_translation_worksheet_2_(1).pdf | |
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transcription_&_translation_coloring.pdf | |
File Size: | 163 kb |
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